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By the USA Water Company team
The City of Phoenix treats water drawn from the Salt, Verde and Colorado rivers, delivered through the Salt River Project canal network and the Central Arizona Project aqueduct. That water crosses a lot of rock and soil before it reaches a treatment plant, and it picks up calcium and magnesium the whole way. The result is some of the hardest tap water in the country, which is why Valley homes see white scale on fixtures, spotted glassware and water heaters that wear out early.
Water utilityCity of Phoenix Water Services, one of the largest municipal systems in the Southwest
SourceAbout 97 to 99 percent surface water, most of it starting as snowpack in the Salt, Verde and Colorado river watersheds. The rest is groundwater from city wells.
HardnessThe city reported 148 to 288 ppm total hardness, roughly 8.6 to 16.8 grains per gallon, in its 2023 Water Quality Report. Anything above 10.5 grains per gallon is very hard on the USGS scale.
Hardness varies across the Valley. Phoenix publishes a range, not one number, because which treatment plant serves your address changes what comes out of your tap. A test at your own kitchen sink is the only way to know yours.
Scale is the cost nobody budgets for. Hard water leaves mineral deposits inside a water heater, which forces it to work harder and shortens its life. It is also what dulls glassware and leaves crust on shower heads.
City water only. These figures describe what the utility delivers. Private wells across Maricopa County differ, and what actually reaches your tap also depends on the plumbing in your own house.
Checked against the utility’s own published reports, October 2026.
Where we test
Our office is in Scottsdale. Dots are towns our Phoenix technicians cover. Map is approximate.
Our Phoenix, Arizona technicians cover Scottsdale, Mesa, Chandler, Gilbert, Tempe, Glendale, Peoria, Surprise, Goodyear, Avondale, Queen Creek, Buckeye, Paradise Valley, Fountain Hills, Cave Creek and Anthem.
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